Soybeans, also known as soya beans (Glycine max), are a type of legume that originated in Eastern Asia and have been a staple in Asian diets for thousands of years.
Chinese scientists have achieved remarkable progress in enhancing soybean breeding by applying gene editing techniques. This breakthrough has the potential to significantly boost soybean production and elevate the protein content in the crop. Soybeans are the second-largest source of vegetable oil globally and serve as the primary source of vegetable protein for human consumption and animal feed. Despite this, China, a major consumer of soybeans, relies heavily on imports due to its limited soybean harvest.
The researchers have utilised gene editing to create soybean mutants that play a crucial role in nitrogen fixation from the atmosphere. This innovative approach allows the plants to absorb more nitrogen, which is essential for their growth and protein synthesis.
While initial testing is already underway on small plots of land, further comprehensive testing is imperative. The research is being carried out in compliance with the Chinese 2022 standards for evaluating the safety of genetically modified crops. This process involves the utilisation of test sites and the acquisition of safety certificates before broader production can be implemented.
Looking ahead, the researchers intend to apply this cutting-edge technology to other crops, such as alfalfa and peanuts, as well as different varieties of soybeans tailored for the local market. This development holds the potential to reduce China’s reliance on soybean imports and enhance global food security by elevating domestic soybean production and protein availability.
Soybeans and BRICS
Soybeans play a significant role in the economies of the BRICS countries, including Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. These nations are both major producers and consumers of soybeans. Imported genetically modified soybeans are mainly used for cooking oil and animal feed, while locally produced non-GM soybeans are used for direct human consumption in products like tofu and soy sauce.
China heavily relies on imported soybeans for food, with over 88% of soybean consumption being reliant on imports. In 2021, China imported over 100 million tonnes of soybeans, mainly from Brazil, the US, and Argentina, marking a 13.3% increase from the previous year. In 2022, it imported an estimated 91 million tonnes.
Soybean policy in China is influenced by systemic competition between the US and China, as well as the ongoing Ukraine-Russia conflict. China is aiming to increase domestic soybean production to reduce its reliance on foreign soybeans, which was highlighted during the trade war with the US during the Trump administration.
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The uncertain trajectory of the US-China relationship, compounded by mutual mistrust and the potential return of Donald Trump for a second term, raises questions about the future of soybean trade between the two countries. Although China recently purchased American soybeans as a goodwill gesture, it remains to be seen whether the US will continue to be a major soybean supplier to China.
This presents an opportunity for Brazil to strengthen its trade with China. As a leading soybean exporter and a fellow member of the BRICS economic group, Brazil already sends over 70% of its soybean exports to China. With new bilateral agreements in place for agricultural cooperation, China may consider buying more Brazilian soybeans instead of American imports.
Despite its large population, China faces challenges with limited water and arable land, as well as issues with soil quality and the increasing impact of climate change. While the intention to introduce genetically modified (GM) crops as food remains implicit, it is in line with China’s overall food security strategy.
Soybean Health Benefits
They are a rich source of plant-based protein and contain essential plant compounds that offer various health benefits. Consuming soybeans may potentially reduce the risk of cancer and alleviate menopause symptoms, although excessive consumption can lead to digestive issues.
These versatile legumes are used to produce a wide range of popular food products, including soy flour, soy protein, tofu, soy milk, soy sauce, and soybean oil. While whole soybeans are commonly consumed in Asia, processed soy products are more prevalent in Western countries.
Soybeans contain antioxidants and phytonutrients that are associated with numerous health advantages, making them a valuable addition to a balanced diet. However, some individuals may need to limit or avoid soy products, despite their health benefits.
The global demand for soybeans has been steadily increasing over the past twenty years. With the development of middle-class consumers around the world, it is anticipated that an additional 80 million metric tons of soybean production will be needed over the next decade to keep up with the world’s consumption of this essential product used for feed, food, and fuel.
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